茶树养分综合管理与减肥增效技术研究

doi:10.13305/j.cnki.jts.20200117.003

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 茶叶产业是我国南方具有比较优势的特色农业和农民增收的支柱产业,但是我国当前茶园施肥中存在较多问题,主要表现为过量施肥、茶树专用肥占比少、有机养分替代率较低和表面撒施等落后施用方法,造成养分损失大、生产成本升高、环境风险增大。针对这些问题,本文从精准养分用量、有机肥替代部分化肥、调整肥料结构、改进施肥方法和配套土壤改良等5个方面总结提出了茶园养分综合管理技术策略,建立了茶园氮素总量控制、磷钾基准配比和用量基准,提出有机肥替代部分化肥的适宜比例与技术,研制茶树专用肥基础配方和稳铵缓释功能性肥料,改进优化追肥时期、深施与机械施肥相结合的施肥方法。茶园养分综合管理技术在农民/合作社生产茶园示范应用过程中节本增效效果显著。

关键词: 茶树, 养分综合管理, 减肥, 氮素总量控制, 养分基准配比

Abstract: Tea is an important agricultural industry with great comparative advantage in southern China. However, there are some problems in tea fertilization inducing large nutrient loss, higher production cost and environmental risks. These problems are mainly excessive nutrient input, low proportion of specialized compound fertilizer for tea, low substitution rate of organic nutrients and low efficient application methods such as surface broadcasting. This paper summarized previous results and formulated a technical strategy of integrated nutrient management in tea plantation (INMT) including optimizing nutrient input amounts, properly replacing part of chemical fertilizer with organic fertilizers, choosing right fertilizer products, improving fertilization methods and ameliorating soil properties. Optimization of nutrient input amounts was achieved by controlling whole annual N input on the basis of tea type and yield level, and P and K on their relevant ratio to N and soil test if available. Limits of top input for these nutrients were suggested. Reasonable replacement ratio of organic fertilizer was recommended at 25%-50% of the total N input. A compound fertilizer with specialized formula for tea was developed and tested in more than 70 plantations across the main tea producing areas, efficiently increasing yield and quality while saving nutrient input. Fertilizer application was improved through changing topdressing period and adopting deep and mechanical application.Integrated nutrient management of tea was evaluated in 9 farmers’ and cooperative tea plantations. The average yield was increased by 9% in contrast with 42% reduction of average nutrient input. The tea quality was maintained or improved as indicated by slightly increased contents of amino acids and tea polyphenols.

Key words: Camellia sinensis, integrated nutrient management, reduction of chemical fertilizer, total nitrogen supply strategy, NPK relevant ratio

中图分类号:

阮建云, 马立锋, 伊晓云, 石元值, 倪康, 刘美雅, 张群锋. 茶树养分综合管理与减肥增效技术研究[J]. 茶叶科学, 2020, 40(1): 85-95. doi: 10.13305/j.cnki.jts.20200117.003.

RUAN Jianyun, MA Lifeng, YI Xiaoyun, SHI Yuanzhi, NI Kang, LIU Meiya, ZHANG Qunfeng. Integrated Nutrient Management in Tea Plantation to Reduce Chemical Fertilizer and Increase Nutrient Use Efficiency[J]. Journal of Tea Science, 2020, 40(1): 85-95. doi: 10.13305/j.cnki.jts.20200117.003.

参考文献

[1] 倪康, 廖万友, 伊晓云, 等. 我国茶园施肥现状与减施潜力分析[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2019, 25(3): 421-432.
Ni K, Liao W Y, Yi X Y, et al.Fertilization status and reduction potential in tea plantations of China[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, 2019, 25(3): 421-432.
[2] 阮建云, 吴洵, 石元值, 等. 中国典型茶区养分投入与施肥效应[J]. 中国土壤与肥料, 2001(5): 9-13.
Ruan J Y, Wu X, Shi Y Z, et al.Nutrient input and evaluation of fertilization efficiency in typical tea areas of China[J]. Soil and Fertilizer Sciences in China, 2001(5): 9-13.
[3] Nonada K.Nitrogenous environmental load in tea fields and fertilizer application technology for the reduction of the environmental load[J]. Tea Research Journal, 2005(100): 29-41.
[4] Owuor P O, Othieno C O, Kamau D M, et al.Long term fertilizer use on high yielding clone S 15/10: tea yields[J]. International Journal of Tea Science, 2008, 7(1/2): 19-31.
[5] Oh K, Kato T, Li Z P, et al.Environmental problems from tea cultivation in Japan and a control measure using Calcium Cyanamide[J]. Pedosphere, 2006, 16(6): 770-777.
[6] Hirono Y, Watanabe I, Nonaka K.Trends in water quality around an intensive tea-growing area in Shizuoka, Japan[J]. Soil Science & Plant Nutrition, 2009, 55(6): 783-792.
[7] Akiyama H, Yan X Y, Yagi K.Estimations of emission factors for fertilizer-induced direct N₂O emissions from agricultural soils in Japan: Summary of available data[J]. Soil Science & Plant Nutrition, 2006, 52(6): 774-787.
[8] Zhang F S, Cui Z L, Chen X P, et al.Chapter one-integrated nutrient management for food security and environmental quality in China[J]. Advances in Agronomy, 2012, 116: 1-40.
[9] Ruan J Y, Haerdter R, Gerendas J.Impact of nitrogen supply on carbon/nitrogen allocation: a case study on amino acids and catechins in green tea [Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze] plants[J]. Plant Biology, 2010, 12: 724-734.
[10] 苏有健, 廖万有, 丁勇, 等. 不同氮营养水平对茶叶产量和品质的影响[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2011, 17(6): 1430-1436.
Su Y J, Liao W Y, Ding Y, et al.Effects of nitrogen fertilization on yield and quality of tea[J]. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science, 2011, 17(6): 1430-1436.
[11] Ruan J Y, Ma L F, Shi Y Z.Potassium management in tea plantations: Its uptake by field plants, status in soils, and efficacy on yields and quality of teas in China[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 2013, 176: 450-459.
[12] Ruan J Y, Ma L F, Yang Y J.Magnesium nutrition on accumulation and transport of amino acids in tea plants[J]. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 2012, 92: 1375-1383.
[13] 吴志丹, 尤志明, 江福英, 等. 配施有机肥对茶园土壤性状及茶叶产质量的影响[J]. 土壤, 2015, 47(5): 874-879.
Wu Z D, You Z M, Jiang F Y, et al.Effects of combined application of organic manure and chemical fertilizer on properties of tea garden soil and the yield and quality of tea[J]. Soils, 2015, 47(5): 874-879.
[14] 尹一萌, 姜丽娜, 符建荣, 等. 茶叶有机无机复混专用肥效应研究[J]. 浙江农业学报, 2005, 17(5): 334-336.
Yin Y M, Jiang L N, Fu J R, et al.Study on the effect of organic and inorganic compound fertilizer for tea[J]. Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis, 2005, 17(5): 334-336.
[15] 何青元, 殷丽琼, 刘德和. 精制有机肥在茶园中施用试验研究[J]. 福建茶叶, 2004(2): 10-11.
He Q Y, Yin L Q, Liu D H.Study on application effect of refined organic fertilizer in tea garden[J]. Fujian Tea, 2004(2): 10-11.
[16] 石元值, 韩文炎, 马立峰. 生物有机肥在茶树上的施用效果试验初报[J]. 茶叶, 2004, 30(4): 234-235.
Shi Y Z, Han W Y, Ma L F.Preliminary report on application effect of bio organic fertilizer on tea plant[J]. Tea, 2004, 30(4): 234-235.
[17] 吴全, 姚永宏, 李中林. 尹氏牌高效有机肥在茶园中的使用效果研究[J]. 中国茶叶, 2004(3): 20-21.
Wu Q, Yao Y H,Li Z L.Study on the effect of Yin's brand high efficiency organic fertilizer in tea garden[J]. China Tea, 2004(3): 20-21.
[18] 许允文, 韩文炎, 石元值, 等. 茶园施用多效有机菌肥的试验效果[J]. 中国茶叶, 2001(4): 12-14.
Xu Y W, Han W Y, Shi Y Z, et al.Effect of multi effect organic fertilizer on tea garden[J]. China Tea, 2001(4): 12-14.
[19] 伊晓云, 马立锋, 阮建云, 等. 茶叶专用肥减肥增产增收效果研究[J]. 中国茶叶, 2017, 39(4): 26-27.
Yi X Y, Ma L F, Ruan J Y, et al.Effect of specialized compound fertilizer on tea[J]. China Tea, 2017, 39(4): 26-27.
[20] Ruan J Y, Haerdter R, Gerendas J, Sattelmacher B.Effect of root zone pH and form and concentration of nitrogen on accumulation of quality-related components in green tea[J]. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 2007, 87(8): 1505-1516.
[21] 马立锋, 苏孔武, 黎金兰, 等. 控释氮肥对茶叶产量、品质和氮素利用效率及经济效益的影响[J]. 茶叶科学, 2015, 35(4): 354-362.
Ma L F, Su K W, Li J L, et al.Effects of controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer on tea yield, quality, nitrogen use efficiency and economic benefit[J]. Journal of Tea Science, 2015, 35(4): 354-362.
[22] Ma L F, Shi Y Z, Ruan J Y.Nitrogen absorption by field-grown tea plants(Camellia sinensis) in winter dormancy and utilization in spring shoots[J]. Plant Soil, 2019(442): 124-140
[23] Ruan J Y, Gerendas J.Absorption of foliar-applied urea-N-15 and the impact of low nitrogen, potassium, magnesium and sulfur nutritional status in tea (Camellia sinensis L.) plants[J]. Soil Science & Plant Nutrition, 2015, 61(4): 653-663.