Journal of Tea Science

Research Progress on the Impact of Environmental Stresses on Tea Quality during the Withering Process

YAN Duo, YU Penghui, GONG Yushun

Journal of Tea Science. 2025, 45(1): 1-14. doi:10.13305/j.cnki.jts.2025.01.003

Abstract ( 251 )

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Withering is an important process for tea quality formation. Fresh tea leaves are subjected to a variety of environmental stresses such as water loss, temperature, light and mechanical damage during withering. Under these stresses, complex physiological and biochemical changes in leaves, which ultimately contribute to the formation of tea quality. This paper reviewed the effects of different environmental stresses on the formation of tea taste and aroma during the withering process. It mainly analyzed how different environmental stresses regulate the synthesis and metabolism of compounds in fresh tea leaves, and further explored their effects on the changes in cellular physical structure, enzymatic, and non-enzymatic chemical reactions in fresh tea leaves. This review provided theoretical supports for improving tea quality.

Cloning of BZR1 Gene Family in Tea Plants and Molecular Mechanism Study of CsBZR1-5 Response to Drought Stress

DONG Yuan, ZHANG Yongheng, XIAO Yezi, YU Youben

Journal of Tea Science. 2025, 45(1): 15-28. doi:10.13305/j.cnki.jts.2025.01.004

Abstract ( 137 )

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The BZR1 transcription factor is a key transcription factor in the brassinosteroid (BR) signaling pathway, playing an important regulatory role in plant growth, development, and stress response. This study identified and cloned six members of the BZR1 family in tea plants based on genomic data. Their gene structures, subcellular localization of encoded proteins, and transcriptional activation activities were analyzed, and their expression patterns under different tissues and drought stress were explored. The results show that the number of introns in the 6 BZR1 members of tea plants was 2 or 3, and their encoded proteins all contained typical bHLH characteristic structural domains. Subcellular localization analysis shows that except for CsBZR1-1, which was localized in the cytoplasm and nucleus, all other CsBZR1s were localized in the nucleus. Transcriptional activation activity analysis shows that CsBZR1s exhibited transcriptional activation activity in yeast. The analysis of expression patterns in different tissues shows that CsBZR1s had specificity in expression in different tissues of tea plants, among which the expression patterns of CsBZR1-1 and CsBZR1-6 were relatively similar. The expression pattern analysis under drought stress shows that all six CsBZR1 genes were responsive to drought stress. The expression of CsBZR1-5 was continuously induced by drought stress simulated by PEG. In addition, the expression pattern of the key enzyme gene CsNCED1 in ABA synthesis pathway was highly similar to that of CsBZR1-5 under drought stress. The analysis of Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay (EMSA) found that CsBZR1-5 can bind to the E-box element on the CsNCED1 promoter, indicating that CsBZR1-5 may be involved in regulating the response of CsNCED1 to drought stress. This study systematically analyzed the basic characteristics and functions of six CsBZR1 members, laying the foundation for further elucidating the regulatory roles of CsBZR1 members in tea plant growth and development and drought stress response.

Bioinformatic Analysis of DREB Genes and Regulation of CsPOD3 on Drought Tolerance Mechanisms in Camellia sinensis

XU Rong, DENG Zhiying, SHAO Chenyu, LUO Yuqi, QIU Shuqi, WANG Cong, ZHOU Linghong, LIU Zhonghua, SHEN Chengwen

Journal of Tea Science. 2025, 45(1): 29-42. doi:10.13305/j.cnki.jts.2025.01.002

Abstract ( 148 )

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Based on the previous transcriptome data of the research group, three genes, CsDREB11, CsDREB15, and CsDREB25, were screened. Verified by RT-qPCR, their expressions were induced by drought. The phylogenetic tree, physical and chemical properties, hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity, secondary and tertiary structures, and subcellular localization were predicted and analyzed. The results show that CsDREB11, CsDREB15, and CsDREB25 are most closely related to their homolog genes in Camellia lanceoleosa. They are all unstable hydrophilic proteins. Random coils and α-helices dominate the secondary/tertiary structures. Their subcellular localizations are located in the nucleus. The preliminary study of the subject found that both CsDREB25 and CsPOD3 were highly expressed and significantly correlated under drought conditions, suggesting that there was an interaction between them. Through Y1H, DLA, and LCI experiments, it was verified that CsDREB25 can positively regulate the expression of CsPOD3, increase the activity of POD, remove excessive reactive oxygen species, and improve the drought tolerance of tea plants.

Identification of Tea ICE Gene Family and Cloning and Expression Analysis of CsICE43 under Low-temperature

ZHU Qian, SHAO Chenyu, ZHOU Biao, LIU Shuoqian, LIU Zhonghua, TIAN Na

Journal of Tea Science. 2025, 45(1): 43-60. doi:10.13305/j.cnki.jts.2025.01.007

Abstract ( 109 )

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In recent years, extreme low-temperature weather has frequently occurred worldwide, significantly affecting the yield and quality of tea plants. The ICE (Inducer of CBF expression) gene family plays a crucial role in the low-temperature stress response of plants. However, research specifically focused on tea plants is still limited. This study identified 51 ICE genes from the tea genome and performed a bioinformatics analysis to examine their physical and chemical properties, gene structure, and promoter cis-acting elements. The promoter regions of the CsICE genes are rich in cis-acting elements related to light response, plant hormones, growth and development, and abiotic stress, suggesting their involvement in various stress responses. Transcriptome analysis and RT-qPCR verification indicate that the expression of the CsICE43 increased 4.24 folds under low-temperature conditions, highlighting its potential role in the low-temperature response of tea plants. To further investigate this, the cDNA of tea cultivar‘Baojing Golden Tea No. 1’ was used as a template to clone the CsICE43 gene. Its expression varied across tissues, with exceptionally high levels observed in terminal buds and young leaves. Further amino acid sequence and phylogenetic tree analysis indicate that the CsICE43 gene contains conserved domains such as S-rich, bHLH, and ACT, which are consistent with other members of the ICE family. It is closely related to Actinidia eriantha. The STRING online database utilized Arabidopsis thaliana AtICEs to hypothesize potential interactions between CsICE proteins and HOS1, MYB15, and DREB1/2. Subcellular localization experiments demonstrate that CsICE43 is located in the nucleus, which is consistent with the findings from the transmembrane structure analysis. In summary, this study suggests that the CsICE43 gene may be associated with the low-temperature response in tea plants, providing a theoretical foundation for further exploration of its gene function and the molecular mechanisms underlying cold resistance.

Analysis of the Structural Characteristics and Codon Usage Biase of the Mitochondrial Genome in Tea Cultivar ‘Damianbai’

YIN Minghua, ZHANG Mutong, XU Zilin, OUYANG Qian, WANG Meixuan, LI Wenting

Journal of Tea Science. 2025, 45(1): 61-78. doi:10.13305/j.cnki.jts.2025.01.006

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Camellia sinensis cv. ‘Damianbai’ is a national cultivar in Guangxin District, Shangrao. Its mitochondrial genome structure and codon preference are still unclear. Using ‘Damianbai’ as the experimental material, high-throughput sequencing technology was used to sequence, assemble, and annotate the entire mitochondrial genome of ‘Damianbai’. Bioinformatics software was used to analyze the structural characteristics and codon preferences of its mitochondrial genome. The results show that the mitochondrial genome of ‘Damianbai’ was 886 354 bp in length, with a complete single circular molecule structure and a GC content of 45.76%. A total of 78 functional genes were annotated in the mitochondrial genome of ‘Damianbai’, including 41 protein-coding genes, 33 tRNA genes and 4 rRNA genes. A total of 59 SSRs (mainly A/T single nucleotide repeats) and 100 Long repeats (mainly positive and palindromic repeats) were detected in the mitochondrial genome of ‘Damianbai’. The codon bias of the mitochondrial genome in ‘Damianbai’ is relatively weak, with a preference for codons ending in A or U. The codon usage bias of the mitochondrial genome of ‘Damianbai’ is mainly influenced by natural selection, and is less affected by internal mutation pressure. The optimal codons for the mitochondrial genome of ‘Damianbai’ are 14 (AAU, GAU, CAU, UUU, AUU, GCU, GGA, ACU, GUU, CGA, UUA, UUG, UCA, UCU). The mitochondrial genomes of 11 closely related species exhibit high homology with the mitochondrial genome of ‘Damianbai’ in the gene region. The mitochondrial genomes of ‘Damianbai’ and ‘Lingyunbaihao’ (ON782577) have the highest collinearity, and their gene arrangement orders are basically the same. There are 62 highly homologous gene fragments between the mitochondrial genome and chloroplast genome of ‘Damianbai’. ‘Damianbai’ and ‘Lingyunbaihao’ belong to a small branch separately, indicating they are closely related. This study analyzed the mitochondrial genome sequence characteristics and phylogenetic relationships of ‘Damianbai’, providing a reference for strengthening the identification of ‘Damianbai’ germplasm and the development and utilization of its resource diversity.

Determination of the Larval Instar Numbers of the Ectropis grisescens at Different Temperatures

TANG Meijun, LI Hong, ZHANG Xinxin, JIANG Hongxin, WANG Zhibo, GUO Huawei, XIAO Qiang

Journal of Tea Science. 2025, 45(1): 79-86. doi:10.13305/j.cnki.jts.2025.01.008

Abstract ( 109 )

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Ectropis grisescens is one of the most harmful pests in tea plantations, characterized by its frequent annual occurrences and considerable damage. The understanding of the larval instar number remains still elusive. To clarify the relationship between the larval instars of Ectropis grisescens and temperature, the differences in larval instar and the fertility indexes including developmental duration, pupal weight and sex ratio of different larval instar populations were measured at five different temperatures ( 21, 23, 25, 27, 29 ℃) in the climate incubators. The results show that the E. grisescens were 4 (molting 3 times, referred to as the 4th instar) or 5 (molting 4 times, referred to as the 5th instar) larval instars at each temperature from 21 ℃ to 29 ℃. At 21 ℃ and 23 ℃, there was no significant differences between the proportion of 5th instar and 4th instar. When the temperature exceeded 25 ℃, the proportion of 5th instar was significantly higher than that of 4th instar, reaching 67.4%-78.6%. Temperature had a significant effect on the developmental duration, pupal weight of the 5th and 4th instars, but had no significant effect on the sex ratio of male and female. At the same temperature, the larval period of the 5th instar was longer than the 4th instar, the pupal weight increased, and the sex ratio increased significantly. This study indicates that the larval instars of E. grisescens were 4 or 5, and the proportion of 5th instar larvae increased with the increase of temperature. This may be a survival strategy of E. grisescens to deal with adverse environment.

Predation and Predilection of Eocanthecona furcellata to Larvae of Scopula subpunctaria (Lepidoptera: Geometridae)

CHEN Junhua, WEN Xinru, WANG Chenxu, ZHANG Qiaoqiao, LIU Hongmin, NING Wanguang, GUO Shibao

Journal of Tea Science. 2025, 45(1): 87-98. doi:10.13305/j.cnki.jts.2025.01.009

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The present study aimed to evaluate the biological control potential of Eocanthecona furcellata against the 2nd to 4th instar Scopula subpunctaria larvae. Indoor experiments were conducted to determine the predatory functional responses and searching efficiency of male and female adults of E. furcellata on 2nd-4th instar S. subpunctaria larvae. Additionally, the intraspecific interference effects of male and female adults of E. furcellata on the 3rd-4th instar S. subpunctaria larvae were investigated, as well as the predatory preferences of male and female adults of E. furcellata and 5th instar nymphs towards larvae of Ectropis grisescens and S. subpunctaria . The results show that both male and female adults of the E. furcellata were able to prey on the 2nd-4th instar S. subpunctaria larvae, and the predation response was consistent with the Holling Ⅱ and Holling Ⅲ models. The control efficiency of male and female adults of the E. furcellat against the S. subpunctaria is shown as female adults>male adults, with the female adult of the E. furcellat having the highest control efficiency against the 2nd instar S. subpunctaria (37.044). In the fitted Holling Ⅲ model, the daily maximum predation rates for the 2nd instar S. subpunctaria larvae were 15.823 and 12.547, respectively, and the optimal searching densities were 4.971 and 6.836 per box, respectively. The searching effect of the E. furcellat on S. subpunctaria larvae indicates that the searching efficiency gradually increased with the decrease of prey density. In addition, in the presence of both the E. grisesens and the S. subpunctaria, both male and female adults and 5th instar nymphs of E. furcellata preferred to feed on the S. subpunctaria larvae. At the same time, the predation of S. subpunctaria larvae by male and female adults of the E. furcella was affected by their own density, and the interference coefficient when preying on the 3rd instar S. subpunctaria larvae was greater than that preying on the 4th instar S. subpunctaria larvae. This result provided a research basis for the biological control application of the E. furcellat in tea gardens.

Community Composition and Diversity of Ladybirds (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae) at Different Altitudes in Chaozhou Dancong Tea Regions

LI Zailin, PENG Feng, WANG Xingmin, CHEN Xiaosheng

Journal of Tea Science. 2025, 45(1): 99-109. doi:10.13305/j.cnki.jts.2025.01.012

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In order to clarify the community composition and species diversity of ladybirds (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae) in the Chaozhou Dancong tea region, the species diversity of the family Coccinellidae was investigated in tea gardens at different altitudes. This study used comparative morphology and biodiversity index analysis methods to analyze the species composition, community structure, dominant species, relative abundance, and community diversity index of ladybirds from tea gardens at different altitudes, aiming to explore the relationship between ladybird communities and altitudes in the Chaozhou tea regions. A total of 63 sampling sites were set up for the investigation of ladybirds as natural enemies in tea gardens, with a collection of 1 132 specimens identified into 45 species belonging to 26 genera in 12 tribes. The results show that Sasajiscymnus kuriharai Kitano, 2012 was the dominant species of ladybird community in the Chaozhou tea region, with a relative abundance reaching 50.80%. Furthermore, the analysis results of biodiversity indices of ladybird community at different altitudes reveal that the low-altitude tea gardens had the richest species diversity among these communities with higher values for diversity index (2.48), richness index (5.07) and evenness index (0.73), while having the lowest dominance index (0.17). These results suggest that there is a more stable ladybird community with rich species, even distribution and balanced competitive relationships exists in the low-altitude regions encompassing Chaozhou’s tea gardens. These findings provided a theoretical basis for green pest control and ecological conservation practices in the Chaozhou Dancong tea region.

Screening of Phosphate-solubilizing Bacteria in the Rhizosphere of Tea Gardens and Their Effects on Tea Yield, Quality and Soil Properties

MA Xueqing, WU Huawei, CAO Chunxia, ZHENG Jiaoli

Journal of Tea Science. 2025, 45(1): 110-120. doi:10.13305/j.cnki.jts.2025.01.001

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The purpose of this study was to screen phosphate-solubilizing bacteria with the ability to produce indoleacetic acid (IAA) from the rhizosphere of tea gardens. The rhizosphere soil was collected from Yingshan Couty and Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture tea gardens in Hubei Province, and the phosphate-solubilizing bacteria were screened by plate transparent circle method. The phosphate-solubilizing and IAA-producing abilities were used as indicators for re-screening. The strains were identified by morphological characteristics and 16 S rDNA sequence analysis, and their growth-promoting characteristics were studied. The effects of strains on tea yield, quality and soil properties were studied by field experiments. The results show that the phosphate-solubilizing bacterium DFP-24 screened from the rhizosphere soil of tea plants had good IAA-producing ability and was identified as Burkholderia arboris. At the same time, the strain had the growth-promoting characteristics such as siderophore production, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) deaminase production and nitrogen fixation ability. Field experiments show that the application of DFP-24 strain could increase the density of tea buds, significantly increase the total phosphorus content of tea, increase the free amino acid content of tea, reduce the ratio of phenol to ammonia, affect the quality of tea, and improve the soil properties. In summary, the strain DFP-24 has the application potential to develop microbial fertilizers. The research results could provide strain resources and theoretical basis for the development and application of rhizosphere growth-promoting bacterial fertilizer for tea plants.

Research on Performance Optimization of Tea Residue Powder-Based Triboelectric Nanogenerator and It’s Application in Wind Monitoring System

LIN Dongyi, HUANG Chong, WANG Weiming, HUANG Yan, FENG Xinkai

Journal of Tea Science. 2025, 45(1): 121-132. doi:10.13305/j.cnki.jts.2025.01.010

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A new type of tea residue powder based triboelectric nanogenerator (TRP-TENG) was developed, and a smart wind monitoring device was developed based on it. During the experimental process, tea residue ultrafine powders with different degrees of fermentation were used as friction film materials to prepare different triboelectric nanogenerators. The differences in electrical output performance were tested and compared on a horizontal reciprocating stamping platform to find the optimal material for TRP-TENG and to optimize the device. On this basis, further testing and analysis were conducted on the optimized TRP-TENG in terms of frequency response, load characteristics, sustainability, and power supply capacity to evaluate its feasibility for application in wind monitoring devices. The experimental results show that the TRP-TENG developed with white tea residue as the material had the best electrical output performance, with an open-circuit voltage and short-circuit current of 9.1 V and 4.4 µA, respectively, and had a certain degree of stability. The contents of tea polyphenols and catechins in white tea residue were relatively high, while the contents of tea pigments were low. The corresponding TRP film had a loose and porous concave-convex surface microstructure, which could effectively increase the contact area and help improve the electrical output performance of TENG. This TRP-TENG could adapt to various vibration frequency working environments, and when the external resistance was 50 MΩ, the electrical output power reached 108.0 µW. At a driving frequency of 3 Hz, it could simultaneously light up 5 series connected commercial LED lights, and it could make the electronic timer work continuously for 15 s after charging the 10 µF capacitor for 5 min. In terms of application, a self-powered wind monitoring device was developed based on four series of connected TRP-TENG components. The test results show that this device has a significant response sensitivity to wind speed and can be applied to smart agriculture systems.

Comparative Metabolome Analysis of the Main Chemical Compositions in Qingzhuan Tea with Different Storage Years

MA Mengjun, HU Xinlong, QIU Shouzhe, ZHANG Ruiming, TANG Huishan, LIU Chen, YU Ziming, LI Jing, WANG Mingle

Journal of Tea Science. 2025, 45(1): 133-144. doi:10.13305/j.cnki.jts.2025.01.011

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In order to investigate the effects of storage years on the quality of Qingzhuan tea, 5 samples produced in 2022, 2019, 2014, 2009 and 2002 were analyzed by tea sensory evaluation combined with ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The sensory evaluation results show that with the extension of storage time, the appearance of Qingzhuan tea was gradually browning, the color of tea infusion was deepened, the aging flavor was progressively unveiled and the taste became more mellow, resulting in the quality improvement of Qingzhuan tea. Further metabolome analysis reveals that a total of 189 kinds of characteristic compounds were identified from Qingzhuan tea samples, which mainly included flavonoids, organic acids, amino acids, alkaloids and catechins. Moreover, 26 key differentially accumulated metabolites were identified using partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), including 5 alkaloids, 2 amino acids, 8 catechins, 9 flavonoids, 1 organic acid and 1 pigment substance. Among them, the contents of 8 catechin monomers decreased with the extension of storage years, while the contents of 7 flavonoids initially increased and subsequently decreased during the aging years. Hence, it was speculated that the two kinds of substances might result in the quality difference of Qingzhuan tea with different storage years. In addition, the contents of caffeic acid, lactobionic acid, linolenic acid, theophylline and betaine increased with the extension of aging years, which might also contribute to the nutrition and drinking value of Qingzhuan tea. In summary, this study analyzed the effect of aging time on the quality components of Qingzhuan tea, which shed light on the aging process of Qingzhuan tea.

Study on the Effect of Epigallocatechin Gallate Against Hantaan Virus

LUO Lulu, ZHAO Yuexi, WANG Yanbo, XING Yi, QI Yang, MA Hongwei, CHENG Linfeng, ZHANG Fanglin

Journal of Tea Science. 2025, 45(1): 145-156. doi:10.13305/j.cnki.jts.2025.01.014

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the inhibitory effect of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) on the Hantaan virus (HTNV) both in vitro and in vivo, and to identify the potential targets of EGCG against HTNV using molecular docking. First, the cytotoxicity of EGCG was determined using a cell viability assay. Then, EGCG was administered for treatment at different time points during HTNV infection, and the viral expression of HTNV in A549 cells was detected by western blotting, real-time PCR, indirect immunofluorescence, and focus formation assay (FFA) at 24 h and 48 h. Molecular docking was conducted using Autodock Vina software. Finally, the challenged nude mice were administered high, medium, and low doses of EGCG via gavage, and their body weight and survival rates were measured. The results indicate that the administration of 100 μmol·L^-1 EGCG effectively inhibited HTNV infection in vitro, primarily affecting the adsorption stage of HTNV. The molecular docking results demonstrate that EGCG could interact with HTNV Gn and Gc, with binding energies of ﹣9.0 kcal·mol^-1 and ﹣7.1 kcal·mol^-1, respectively. High, medium, and low doses of EGCG (50.0, 25.0, 12.5 mg·kg^-1) effectively reduced the mortality rate of challenged nude mice, and significantly mitigated weight loss in these mice.

Leaching Behavior and Risk Assessment of Seven Different Polar Pesticides in Green Tea during Brewing

XU Jinping, DU Xuemei, LÜ Wanyi, ZHU Lei, ZHANG Danyang, CHEN Hongping, CHEN Ling, CHAI Yunfeng

Journal of Tea Science. 2025, 45(1): 157-168. doi:10.13305/j.cnki.jts.2025.01.005

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Seven pesticides, including dinotefuran, difenoconazole, tolfenpyrad, chlorfenapyr, bifenthrin, diafenthiuron and glyphosate are registered and widely used as chemical pesticides on tea plants in China. These pesticides are key monitoring objects for pesticide residue risk assessment in tea. In this study, gas chromatography and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry were used to monitor the leaching rates of seven pesticides during green tea brewing. The results show that the leaching rates of pesticides in tea infusion were related to water solubility and octanol/water partition coefficient. Dinotefuran and glyphosate were easily soluble in water, so their average leaching rates in tea infusion were higher than 70%. The water solubilities of the other five pesticides were lower, and their average leaching rates were less than 11.3%. There were significant differences in the leaching rates of different pesticides during the first and second infusions. With the exception of bifenthrin, the average leaching rates of other six pesticides of the first infusion were 0.89-2.55 times that of the second infusion. A risk assessment of green tea made from fresh leaves 10 days after pesticide spraying was performed. According to the toxicity and human exposure risk assessment of pesticides, the risk of human health impact from ingesting seven residual pesticides through drinking green tea soup was relatively low, and the cumulative hazard quotient of the seven pesticides was only 4.1%.

Assessment of Cultural Ecosystem Services of Xihu Longjing Tea Gardens based on Social Media Data

YANG Hao, TANG Jianuan, DU Shuqi, ZHANG Dou, HU Guang

Journal of Tea Science. 2025, 45(1): 169-180. doi:10.13305/j.cnki.jts.2025.01.013

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As a regional agricultural and cultural landscape, tea gardens can not only produce high economic value, but also provide people with a variety of ecosystem cultural services such as recreation, education and spiritual healing. However, the efficient and accurate identification and quantification of the ecosystem cultural services of tea garden landscapes remain a challenging research issue. This study took the Xihu Longjing tea gardens in Hangzhou as a case study. By selecting travel blogs and short articles from online social media platforms such as Ctrip and Sina Weibo, and utilizing keyword frequency and semantic network analysis, we quantitatively assessed the ecosystem cultural services of the Xihu Longjing tea gardens based on public cultural perception. Grounded theory was used to construct an evaluation index system for the tea garden's ecosystem cultural services, and the Importance-Performance model was employed to analyze the structure and quality of tourists' cultural experience elements. The results indicate that tourists pay high attention to specific scenic spots, cultural perceptions, and environmental perceptions within the Xihu Longjing tea gardens. Their perceptions reflected a cultural cognitive model centered on the tea garden's attractions, with cultural experiences extending outward. Overall, tourists had a positive satisfaction rating towards the cultural services of the tea garden ecosystem, with the highest satisfaction related to the pleasure and relaxation experienced. However, there are significant perceptual differences in tourists' attention and satisfaction with different categories of cultural services in tea gardens, especially in the cultural service of ‘enjoying the beautiful scenery’ that tourists are most concerned about, their satisfaction is lower than the overall average level. Therefore, future planning and management should prioritize the enhancement and improvement of the aesthetic quality of the tea gardens. This paper proposed a method for identifying and evaluating the ecosystem cultural services of tea gardens using social media data from the public perception perspective. This approach proposed technical support for the optimization and sustainable, diversified development of tea gardens and other cultural landscapes.

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