Journal of Tea Science

The Development Process of Adventitious Root of the Tea Shoots by Air Layering

LI Feng, ZHANG Li-xia, WANG Nai-dong, LIU Yang

Journal of Tea Science. 2011, 31(5): 379-385. doi:10.13305/j.cnki.jts.2011.05.010

Abstract ( 473 )

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In order to explore the feasibility of applying the air layering method for tea vegetative propagation, the yellowish-green stems were girdled, hormone treated and bound up, and then their changes of external morphology and the anatomical structure were observed and determined. The results showed that: (1) The adventitious roots could be induced and then grown out from the thicker stems above the wound of girdling before these stems were cut off, and these adventitious roots were more abundance and sturdy than those by the method of traditional cutting. (2) All the adventitious roots developed from induced primordial root because the primitive stem had no potential primordial root. (3) The callus inducted at the wound of girdling and the stem above the wound became thicker. It also showed that the stem with smaller callus tissue and thicker was easier to formed the adventitious root.

Effect of Eurotium Cristatum Strains on Content of Free-state Fluorine in Tea during the Fungus Growing Process of Brick Tea

GUAN Mei-ling, LIU Zhong-hua, LIU Su-chun, CHEN Dong, HUANG Jian-an, LI Jia-lian

Journal of Tea Science. 2011, 31(5): 386-390. doi:10.13305/j.cnki.jts.2011.05.001

Abstract ( 502 )

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For the purpose of revealing the influence of Eurotium Cristatum on content of free-state fluorine in tea , Eurotium Cristatum original strains and a mutant strain were used as pure strains during the fungus growing process of maojian tea(green tea) and raw dark green tea. Then the content of free-state fluorine in tea before and after the fungus growing process and in “Golden Flower” pellets were determined respectively. Also, the concentration of free-state fluorine in tea infusion before and after liquid fermentation with Eurotium Cristatum strain was determined. The results showed that both Eurotium Cristatum original strains and the mutant strain could increase the content of free-state fluorine in raw dark green tea by 7.94% and 10.47% respectively as compared with the tea that not inoculated the Fungi. But there was no influence on the content of free-state fluorine in maojian tea. “Golden Flower” pellets contained some free-state fluorine. Eurotium Cristatum strain could absorb a small amounts of free-state fluorine in tea infusion, but there was no dependency between absorptive amount and original concentration of free-state fluorine. Influence of Eurotium Cristatum strains on the content of free-state fluorine in tea was differed with the original level of fluorine in different tea, also, Eurotium Cristatum strains couldn’t concentrate the fluorine from environment.

Progress in Study on the Chemical Structure and Pharmacological Activities of Triterpene Saponins from Tea Plant (Theaceae)

XIA Xiao-ping, ZHENG Cai-hong, FENG Chun-hong, XIA Chun-hua

Journal of Tea Science. 2011, 31(5): 391-398. doi:10.13305/j.cnki.jts.2011.05.016

Abstract ( 589 )

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More than 50 new triterpene saponins from tea plant (Theaceae) were reported in last two decades. For the purpose of introducing the advance on the chemical structure and pharmacological activities, the representative literature were analysized.

Effect of Oolong Tea Polysaccharide in Adjusting Serum Lipid and Its Mechanism

ZHANG Yun, NI De-jiang, CHEN Yong-bo, HUANG Hai-bo, LIU Si-si, XIE Bi-jun

Journal of Tea Science. 2011, 31(5): 399-404. doi:10.13305/j.cnki.jts.2011.05.005

Abstract ( 466 )

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The adjusting effects of Oolong tea polysaccharide (OTPS) on serum lipid in hyperlipoidemia mice and its mechanism were investigated. The hyperlipidmia mice model was established by feeding high lipid diet, and different groups were taken OTPS by intragastric administration for 6 weeks. In present investigation, body weight, thymus weight, spleen weight, liver weight, blood lipid levels, malondialdehyde (MDA) and liver superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities of serum and liver were measured, as well the histopathological changes in tissues of liver were observed. The results showed that the contents of total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), serum and liver MDA, liver index were lower in comparison with the high hyperlipoidemia model group, while thymus index, spleen index, serum and liver SOD activities were somewhat higher, and the liver lesions were restored in some degree. It is indicated that OTPS showed a positive effect on adjusting the serum lipid, improving immunity of body and antioxidation.

Study on the Toxicology of an Anti-radiation Preparation of Tea-polyphenols

WANG Yue-fei, LIANG Shan-zhu, ZHANG Shi-kang, CHEN Hong-bo, ZHU Yue-jin, HUANG Shuang-ru, YANG Xian-qiang

Journal of Tea Science. 2011, 31(5): 405-410. doi:10.13305/j.cnki.jts.2011.05.002

Abstract ( 518 )

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To evaluate the edible safety of anti-radiation preparations of tea polyphenol, the experiment included acute toxicity test, Ames test, micronucleus test, sperm shape abnormality test and thirty days feeding test were performed. Results showed that the oral maximum tolerance dose(MTD) was higher than 20.0 g/kg·bw both in female and male mice and rats. The results on toxicity of Ames test, micronucleus test, sperm shape abnormality test and mutagencity were negative. No toxicological symptom was appeared in tested animals from thirty days feeding test. It is concluded that the anti-radiation preparations of tea-polyphenol was classified as non-toxicology and genotoxicity, high edible safety.

Full-length cDNA Cloning and Sequence Analysis of Theanine Synthetase Gene in Camellia Sinensis

LI Juan, DENG Ting-ting, WU Yang, LIU Shuo-qian, LI Qin, LIU Zhong-hua, HUANG Jian-an

Journal of Tea Science. 2011, 31(5): 411-418. doi:10.13305/j.cnki.jts.2011.05.012

Abstract ( 543 )

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The full-length cDNA of theanine synthetase (TS, GenBank accession No.JN226569) gene of Anji white tea was cloned. The cDNA sequence has the full-length of 1503bp, and with an Open Reading Frame of 1071bp. It can encode 356 amino acids. Bioinformatics analysis showed that theanine synthetase has 356 amino acid residues, has a theoretical molecular weight of 39250.3Da and theoretical PI value of 5.79. Bioinformatics prediction showed that this protein is hydrophilic and located not within the transmembrane. There are 26 phosphorylation sites within the polypeptied chain. The signal peptide analysis showed that there is no signal peptide and no winded helix domain present within the sequence, the protein is non-secreted and it functions in the cytoplasm. This reported result about cloning full-length cDNA of theanine synthetase gene would be beneficial for using biotechnology to improve tea plant cultivar resources and regulate L-theanine level.

Pesticide Residues in Tea and Their IntakeAssessment Using Brew Factor

Anoop Kumar Barooah, Monorama Borthakur, Jatindra Nath Kalita, Tabaruk Hussain, Kasturi Chaudhury, Rajib Nath

Journal of Tea Science. 2011, 31(5): 419-426. doi:10.13305/j.cnki.jts.2011.05.009

Abstract ( 509 )

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Tea, the most popular beverage in the world, is produced from processed leaves of the plant Camellia sinensis. The tea plantations suffer from a large number of pests necessitating use of pesticides. In view of growing concerns for food safety, terminal residues of seven pesticides in processed black tea and their transfer into tea brew was studied. The residues of the pesticides in black tea ranged from 0.18 to 1.90mg/kg. Only a portion of these residues were transferred into tea brew, the form consumed. The actual intakes of residues through tea consumption, determined by incorporating a new parameter termed “brew factor” in the conventional estimates, were only up to 0.1% of the acceptable daily intakes for an average Indian. The compound specific brew factor improves risk assessment and will enable setting realistic maximum residue limits for pesticides in tea.

Research on the Influencing Factors from Choice Action of Organic Tea Production in Fujian Tea Enterprises

YANG Jiang-fan

Journal of Tea Science. 2011, 31(5): 427-433. doi:10.13305/j.cnki.jts.2011.05.008

Abstract ( 570 )

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With the more attention paid on the quality safety of food by various government and their consumers, the demand on no pollution, pollution-free food is increasing, but the supply of organic tea was in significant increase. By data gained from 383 tea enterprises, this paper used the binary Logit model to find the influencing factors from choice action of organic tea production. The conclusion is that scale effect factors such as the size of base area, enterprise producing area for tea; brand factors such as brand at or above the provincial level showed positive effect on the organic tea production. The inputs of labor, capital and technology played an important role in the economic efficiency promotion of organic tea from tea enterprise.

Comparative Research on the Extraction Regularity of Trans-Catechins and Epicatechins

SHU Lu-yan, TANG Yi, HU Wei-gang

Journal of Tea Science. 2011, 31(5): 434-438. doi:10.13305/j.cnki.jts.2011.05.013

Abstract ( 593 )

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Using the HPLC technique, changes of concentration of eight catechin monomers versus time in boiling infusion were measured. Extraction kinetics of epicatechins and trans-catechins were systematically studied by applying a two-phase model in determining the kinetic and equilibrium data. Dynamic changes of ratios of EGCG and GCG to total catechin were studied, too. The results showed that epicatechins infused faster than trans-catechins dramaticlly, the former reached its maximum at 5min, then the value declined with time. While trans-catechins extraction rate increased steadily with time, reaching the peak value at the end of infusing. According to the rate constant K_obs,the order of extraction velocity of eight catechin monomers was as follows: EC>EGC>EGCG>ECG>GC>C>GCG>CG.

Identification and Reaction Assay of Galloylated Catechins Hydrolase in Tea Plant

NIE Zhi-yin, LIU Ya-jun, LIU Li, GAO Li-ping, XIA Tao

Journal of Tea Science. 2011, 31(5): 439-446. doi:10.13305/j.cnki.jts.2011.05.014

Abstract ( 616 )

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In this experiment, high activity of galloylated catechins hydrolase (GCH) was detected existing in tea plant 〔Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze〕 by enzymology analysis in vitro, combining thin layer chromatography (TLC), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis. The galloylated catechins could be hydrolyzed to ungalloylated catechins and gallic acid (GA) with the GCH action. The optimum reaction assay of GCH has been established. The 2.5mL enzyme reaction assay included 0.1mol/L phosphate buffer (pH 6.5), 0.2mmol/L EGCG, 2.4mmol/L sodium ascorbate, crude enzyme extract (0.1mg total protein), and then it was incubated at 30℃ for 30min. Besides, the crude enzyme extract was partially purified via ammonium sulfate fractionation, anion exchange chromatography on Q Sepharose Fast Flow column and gel filtration chromatography on superdex 200 sequentially.

Studies on Purifying Theaflavins with Three Macroporous Adsorptive Resins

YU Jun, WANG Li-pu, YUE Peng-xiang, FANG Wan-ping, CHEN Xuan, LI Xing-hui

Journal of Tea Science. 2011, 31(5): 447-452. doi:10.13305/j.cnki.jts.2011.05.003

Abstract ( 439 )

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In order to purify theaflavins industrially, three macroporous adsorptive resins with different polarity such as NKA-9,AB-8 and ADS-7 were investigated and six factors as the type of resin, pH value, sample filling rate, effluent concentration of eliminating impurity, effluent concentration of sample and effluent volume of sample were determined. The result showsed that NKA-9 possessed a better purify effect than that of AB-8 and ADS-7, and the optimum condition is pH value of 3, sample filling rate of 2BV/h, 15% ethanol of eliminating impurity and 3BV 90% ethanol to elute. The purity of theaflavins can reach to 44.1% under this condition. But the purification condition had some difference between total mixture and each monomer.

Visual MINTEQ Modeling Research on Trace Elements in Tea Infusion

YANG Xin-zhou, ZHOU Xue-jin, YANG Shu-ke, YE Yan-qing, LI Xue-sen, HU Qiu-fen

Journal of Tea Science. 2011, 31(5): 453-457. doi:10.13305/j.cnki.jts.2011.05.004

Abstract ( 608 )

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The Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry method was used in the determination of four trace amounts of tea infusion. The Ion Chromatography method was used in the determination of amounts of F^-, Cl^-, NO₂^-, Br^-, NO₃^-, PO₄^3-and SO₄^2-in tea infusion. Moreover, Fe, Cu, Zn and Pb in the tea infusion were simulated by the software Visual MINTEQ. The results revealed that Fe(OH)₂⁺, Cu²⁺, Zn²⁺ and Pb²⁺ were dominant species in the tea infusion.

Impacts of Aluminum on Root Cell Membrane Permeability and Organic Acids in Root Exudates of Tea Plant

LIU Teng-teng, GAO Hong-jian, WAN Xiao-chun, ZHANG Zheng-zhu

Journal of Tea Science. 2011, 31(5): 458-462. doi:10.13305/j.cnki.jts.2011.05.015

Abstract ( 515 )

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The impacts of aluminum (Al) concentration on root cell membrane permeability and components of organic acids in root exudates of tea plant (Camellia. sinensis L.) were investigated by hydroponics. Results showed that 20mg/L of low Al concentration could enhance the cell membrane stability of tea root, and the membrane permeability was significantly declined with deficiency Al (0mg/L, CK) and high Al (100mg/L) treatments. The total organic acids firstly decreased and then increased with the increase of Al concentrations. About 85%~93% of the total organic acids in root exudates of tea plant were oxalic acid, malic acid and citric acid. Compared with CK, the oxalic acid secretion remarkably reduced 84.7% and 34.3% under the low and high Al concentration treatments. Compared with CK, the malic acid of root exudates increased by 121.1% in low Al concentration, and decreased by 40.9% in high Al concentration. There wasn’t significant influence on citric acid, containing about 3.5~4.5mg/g. This result can provide critical data for elucidating tolerance mechanisms of Al stress on tea root.

Science Innocation and Sustainable Development of Tea Industry

CHEN Zong-mao, SUN Xiao-ling, JIN Shan

Journal of Tea Science. 2011, 31(5): 463-472. doi:10.13305/j.cnki.jts.2011.05.008

Abstract ( 616 )

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After glancing over the information on the development of world tea industry in the period of 1910~2009 and the development of China tea industry in the period of 1950~2010, the relationship between the development of world tea industry and China tea industry as well as the development of tea science and technology was analyzed. Research discovered that those years with more rapid development of science and technology and more creating achievements were accompanied with the rapid development of tea industry. Lists of some important influencing achievements in the development of tea industry were enumerated in this paper. Based on these, seven gaps were discussed in comparing to the world major tea producing countries. In discussing on the future sustainable development of China tea industry, six strategic scientific problems influencing the sustainable development were put forward. Lastly, six tentative ideas including the modern biological technology and traditional breeding technique, the introduction of environmental science and ecological science into the tea production were advanced for the scientific creation of tea industry in the future 10~15 years in this paper.

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