Journal of Tea Science

Research Progress of Gallic Acid in Puer Tea and Its Improvement of Diet Induced Glucose and Lipid Metabolism Disorder

WANG Shaomei, LI Xiaojun, SONG Wenming, PAN Lianyun

Journal of Tea Science. 2020, 40(4): 431-440. doi:10.13305/j.cnki.jts.2020.04.001

Abstract ( 1008 )

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The disorder of glucose and lipid metabolism is one of the important causes of cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and fatty liver. Gallic acid of Puer tea can ameliorate diet induced glucose and lipid metabolism disorder through regulating energy metabolism and adipocyte differentiation, promoting glucose absorption and utilization, and increasing insulin sensitivity. Gallic acid regulates mitochondrial energy metabolism, insulin sensitivity and glucose absorption to maintain glucose and lipid metabolism homeostasis through AMPK and IR-Akt pathway and PPAR gamma receptor. In this review, we summarized gallic acid in Puer tea and its mechanism to improve the disorder of glucose and lipid metabolism induced by diet.

Research Progress of Proanthocyanidins in Tea

GAO Chenxi, HUANG Yan, SUN Weijiang

Journal of Tea Science. 2020, 40(4): 441-453. doi:10.13305/j.cnki.jts.2020.04.002

Abstract ( 1006 )

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Proanthocyanidins are an important kind of polyphenols in tea leaves, and regarded as natural antioxidants. In recent years, proanthocyanudins in tea leaves had attracted widespread attention. Relative research would promote the study on polyphenol metabolic pathways during tea growth process. Moreover it is of great significance in conducting fundamental research on tea plant biochemistry. Based on domestic and overseas research status, this study summarized the relationship between proanthocyandins and anthocyandins, the biosynthetic pathways of procyanidins in tea and the condensation mechanism of proanthocyandins. The types, the application status and content difference of proanthocyanidins were also concerned in an attempt to discuss the development trend in the future.

Molecular Cloning and Expression Analysis of CsAAPs Gene Subfamily in Camellia Sinensis

GUO Lingling, ZHANG Fen, CHENG Hao, WEI Kang, RUAN Li, WU Liyun, WANG Liyuan

Journal of Tea Science. 2020, 40(4): 454-464. doi:10.13305/j.cnki.jts.20200612.002

Abstract ( 524 )

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In this study, five sequences of the amino acid permease (AAP) genes were successfully cloned from tea cultivar Longjing 43 by RT-PCR. The amino acid sequence alignment analysis revealed the high homology among the five CsAAP proteins (70.27%). Phylogenetic tree based on amino acid sequences showed that five CsAAPs could be classified into three groups. Further bioinformatics analysis demonstrated that these CsAAPs contained 9-10 transmembrane structures and 16-18 conserved AAP motifs. To investigate the response of this subfamily to nitrogen, cutting seedlings of three tea cultivars were fed with NH₄NO₃of different concentrations after two weeks of nitrogen starvation and then used for qRT-PCR analysis. The results show that these five CsAAPs were expressed in all vegetative tissues of tea cutting seedlings, but there were certain differences in tissue expressions. Among them, CsAAP3 showed the highest gene expression levels in stems and the main expression sites of CsAAP8 were roots and stems. The expression levels of CsAAPs varied temporally and spatially with nitrogen treatments. The gene expression of CsAAP3 was significantly changed among the tea cultivars with different nitrogen use efficiency. The expressions of CsAAP3 and CsAAP8 in the stem of the high nitrogen efficient cultivar Zhongcha 302 could quickly respond to low nitrogen levels. Their gene expression levels were increased significantly after 3 h of the low nitrogen treatment. These results implies that CsAAPs subfamily might play important roles in the regulation of nitrogen metabolism through the intricate transports of amino acids in tea plants.

Correlation Analysis Between Selenium Accumulation in Tea Leaves and Soil Factors in Selenium-rich Areas

ZHANG Haojie, HAO Xinyuan, ZHOU Chao, WANG Lu, WANG Xinchao, YANG Yajun, ZENG Jianming, SUN Lengxue, DAI Juhui, XIANG Jun, LUO Hong, WANG Chaoyang, ZHANG Xiangui, LIU Tao

Journal of Tea Science. 2020, 40(4): 465-477. doi:10.13305/j.cnki.jts.2020.04.003

Abstract ( 681 )

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Tea plant is a selenium-rich species and selenium-enriched tea products consumption is a safe and effective way to replenish selenium. Though the selenium content in fresh tea leaves can be affected by many environmental factors, selenium accumulation characteristics and main influencing factors of tea plants in selenium-rich areas were rarely reported. In this study, adult tea plants and rhizosphere soils from tea plantations in Enshi, Hubei and Ankang, Shaanxi were taken as research objects. Combined with various indicators such as total selenium content in soil and plant samples, the effect of selenium content in rhizosphere soil on the accumulation characteristics of selenium in tea plant was clarified. In addition, the importance of 9 important soil characteristics related factors such as soil pH and selenium content in selenium-rich areas were analyzed. Through grouping and overall correlation analysis of 186 representative soil samples and fresh tea samples, it was confirmed that there was a significant correlation between the total selenium contents in teas and soils (correlation coefficient r=0.59, P<0.01). Moreover, the total selenium content in tea was also significantly related to organic matter, hydrolysable nitrogen, zinc contents in soil and sulfur, zinc contents in shoots. The related factors of selenium content in soils and teas in Ankang and Enshi areas were also analyzed. A reliable mathematical model of selenium content in tea shoots on soil organic matter, sulfur, selenium and zinc contents was proposed. The goodness of fit was 0.512 6, reaching a highly significant level (P<0.01). The above results were of great significance to improve the production technology of selenium-enriched fresh tea leaves in selenium-enriched tea areas and further revealed the selenium accumulation mechanism in tea plants.

Effects of Drought Stress on Growth and Chlorophyll Fluorescence Characteristics of Tea Seedlings

WANG Minghan, DING Ding, ZHANG Chenyu, GAO Xizhi, CHEN Jianjiao, TANG Han, SHEN Chengwen

Journal of Tea Science. 2020, 40(4): 478-491. doi:10.13305/j.cnki.jts.2020.04.004

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In the context of global warming, drought has become an important factor restricting the development of crop production, but there were relatively few studies on the physiological and biochemical responses of different tea cultivars to drought stress. Here, a pot water control experiment was conducted using annual tea seedlings of 10 tea cultivars (strains) such as Huangjincha 1 (HJC-1), HPS-8, and HPS-15 as materials. The chlorophyll content, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and soluble sugar content were studied. The results show that: drought stress shortened the leaf length and width, reduced the number of leaves, increased the number of lateral roots, and dwarfed the plant. Furthermore, leaf thickness, upper epidermal thickness, fence tissue thickness, sponge tissue thickness, lower epidermal thickness and ratio of fence tissue to sponge tissue also decreased under stress. Chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll contents increased compared to the control group, and the increase of chlorophyll a content was significant. Photoinhibition was observed in all tea cultivars (strains) under drought stress. The values of Fo, Fv/Fm and Fv/Fo of tea cultivars under stress were lower than the control group, but the Fm values showed an opposite trend. The soluble sugar content of leaves significantly increased under drought stress compared with the control, except tea cultivar XN-1. Further analysis shows that HPS-8, XN-18, XN-9803, XN-9810 and XN-9809 have low drought tolerance but HJC-1, HPS-15, XN-1, XN-9802 and HPS-20 have relatively strong drought tolerance.

A Preliminary Study on Determining Tea Plant Age Based on Anatomical Structure of Tea’s Stem

JIANG Yan, LI Xinghui, PU Dian, LAN Zengquan, WU Tian

Journal of Tea Science. 2020, 40(4): 492-500. doi:10.13305/j.cnki.jts.2020.04.005

Abstract ( 656 )

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Tea plants were taken as the research objects in this study. Using tea stem slicing and dyeing technologies, the age of tea plants was accurately determined based on the digital images. Under ordinary light and fluorescence of bio-digital microscope, the untreated sections of tea stem, saffron-dyed sections and acridine orange-dyed sections of tea stem were compared and analyzed. The result shows that acridine orange dyeing was the best to determine the age of tea plants. The acridine orange dyeing method combined with digital image analysis had the characteristics of fast, accurate, simple and low cost. In conclusion, the technology also had a scientific reference significance for the identification of annual rings of living large and ancient tea plants.

Effects of Nutrition Supplementation on Longevity and Fecundity of Scopula Subpunctaria

GENG Shubao, HOU Heli, HE Yujing, QIAO Li, PAN Pengliang, YIN Jian, JIN Yinli

Journal of Tea Science. 2020, 40(4): 501-509. doi:10.13305/j.cnki.jts.2020.04.006

Abstract ( 614 )

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Scopula subpunctaria (Herrich-Schaeffer) is one of the most common pests of tea plant. In order to feed this pest successfully in laboratory, the effects of different nutrition supplementations on the longevity and fecundity of Scopula subpunctaria were investigated in this study. The results show that, when the adult females were supplemented with 10% honey water and 10% sugar water, the mean fecundity per female was significantly increased, which was 152.5±16.83 and 177.5±19.01, respectively. While the oviposition period of adult females was significantly extended, which was (17.8±1.08) d and (21.4±1.27) d, respectively. Supplementation of different nutrients had significant effects on oviposition and post-oviposition periods, but not significant on pre-oviposition period. When 10% sugar water was supplied, the longevity of female adult was the longest (29.1±1.41 d), which was significantly higher than those of other treatments. In 10% honey water, water and control treatments, the longevities of adult females were (23.8±1.15) d, (14.4±0.48) d and (6.3±0.37) d, respectively. When supplemented with 10% sugar water and 10% honey water, the longevities of adult males were (21.3±0.93) d and (19.5±1.20) d, respectively, which were significantly higher than those of water and control treatments. In each treatment, the longevity of female adult was longer than that of the male. The results show that 10% sugar water could be used as the best nutrient supplement for adult, successful indoor rearing of Scopula subpunctaria would provide important guarantee for other related researches.

Study on the Distribution of Glyphosate and Its Metabolite Aminomethylphosphonic Acid in Camellia Sinensis

GUO Yongchun, CHEN Jinfa, ZHAO Feng, WANG Shuyan, WANG Pengjie, ZHOU Peng, OUYANG Liqun, JIN Shan, YE Naixing

Journal of Tea Science. 2020, 40(4): 510-518. doi:10.13305/j.cnki.jts.2020.04.007

Abstract ( 786 )

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To study the transport and metabolism of glyphosate, different doses of glyphosate were quantitatively sprayed into young and adult tea plants (Young: 0.9 g·m^-2. Adult: 1.5 g·m^-2, 4.5 g·m^-2 and 15 g·m^-2) and samples were collected at different times (1, 4, 7, 15 d and 40 d) to determine the contents of glyphosate and its main metabolite aminomethylphosphonic acid in various parts of tea plants. The results show that the order of glyphosate content in tea plants from high to low was root, leaf and stem after spraying glyphosate on the root of tea plant. Aminomethylphosphonic acid was mainly accumulated in the roots of tea plants, and it could also be detected in the stems and leaves of young tea plants (0-0.33 mg·kg^-1). However, no aminomethylphosphonic acid was detected in the stems and leaves of adult tea plants. After 40 d of application, glyphosate and aminomethylphosphonic acid were not detected in the roots, stems and leaves of young tea plants at a dose of 0.9 g·m^-2. However, they were still detected in the roots of adult tea plants at a dose of 1.5-15 g·m^-2 (glyphosate: 2.26-26.73 mg·kg^-1, aminomethylphosphonic acid: 0.21-2.59 mg·kg^-1). Glyphosate residues in both stem and leaves of adult plants were low (0-0.29 mg·kg^-1). In this study, through field simulation experiments, the transfer, metabolism and enrichment rules of glyphosate in tea plants after being ingested were analyzed, which could provide a reference for scientific control and risk assessment of glyphosate in tea gardens.

Analysis of Bacterial Diversity of Stored White Peony by High-Throughput Sequencing

CHEN Jiajia, HU Yunfei, SHEN Shiyu, WANG Zhihua, ZHOU Zhe, TANG Qin, SUN Weijiang

Journal of Tea Science. 2020, 40(4): 519-527. doi:10.13305/j.cnki.jts.2020.04.008

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To investigate the diversity of the bacterial communities in stored white peony, 16 S rDNA of bacteria collected from 11 samples of different storage durations were analyzed by high-throughput sequencing. The results show that the species richness and diversity of DB13 were the highest. While in all stored white peony, the dominant phylum were Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes. The dominant class were Alphaproteobacteria, Gamma proteobacteria and Sphingobacteriia. And the dominant bacterial species at genus level include: Sphingomonas, Methylobacterium and Pedobacter. The composition structures of samples were similar, but there was difference in their abundance. Storage duration had no significant effect on the bacteria composition of white peony, but environments played important roles.

Vardenafil Improves the Proliferative Inhibition of EGCG-β-lactoglobulin Nanoparticles Against Liver Cancer Cells

CHEN Chunxiao, LOU Wenyu, DING Zhenjian, LI Zhuoye, YANG Yuanyuan, JIN Peng, DU Qizhen

Journal of Tea Science. 2020, 40(4): 528-535. doi:10.13305/j.cnki.jts.2020.04.009

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The combination of nano and other drugs is an important strategy to improve the biological activity of EGCG, since a high EGCG concentration is essential for the inhibition of the proliferation of cancer cells. In this study, EGCG-vardenafil (VD)-β-lactoglobulin (β-Lg)-nanoparticles (EVβ-NPs) was prepared by encapsulating EGCG and VD in β-Lg nano-carriers. In vitro experimental results show that EVβ-NPs could upgrade the activity of caspase-3 in HepG2 cells compared to the native EGCG, which caused cell cycle arrest in the S phase of HepG2 cells to induce cell nuclear division, and finally lead to HepG2 cell apoptosis. The results demonstrate that the encapsulation of EGCG-VD can significantly improve the anticancer activity of EGCG, and possesses potential value in the development of EGCG anticancer products.

In Vitro Study on Hypolipidemic Effects of Theabrownins in Liupao Tea

GONG Shouji, TENG Cuiqin, LIANG Dongyi, CAO Huiyi, MENG Yanfei, ZHANG Junwei, XIE Jiashi

Journal of Tea Science. 2020, 40(4): 536-543. doi:10.13305/j.cnki.jts.20200612.003

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To evaluate the hypolipidemic effects of theabrownins in Liupao tea, their abilities to bind cholate, inhibit pancreatic lipase and cholesterol esterase, adsorb cholesterol and lipid in vitro were determined. The results show that the adsorption capacity of peanut oil by theabrownins was 0.73 g·g^-1, and the adsorption amount of cholesterol was 122.42 mg·g^-1 under acid condition and 13.68 mg·g^-1 under neutral condition. In the theabrownin-binding cholate test, the binding abilities to the cholate showed an upward trend with the increase of theabrownin concentrations. However, the figures indicate that theabrownins can activate pancreatic lipase and it continues to increase with the increase of concentration. The IC₅₀ value of inhibition on cholesterol esterase activity was 57.2 mg·mL^-1. The hypolipidemic mechanism of theabrownins in Liupao tea might be mainly achieved by binding to cholate and adsorbing cholesterol and lipid.

Analysis of Factors Affecting the Integration Performance of Tea Regional Public Brands——From on the Perspective of Tea Companies

LI Daohe, YE Lihong, CHEN Jianghua, LIU Ruo

Journal of Tea Science. 2020, 40(4): 544-554. doi:10.13305/j.cnki.jts.20200612.001

Abstract ( 615 )

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In order to alleviate the outstanding problem of “One Product with Multiple Brands”, Jiangxi Province implemented a tea brand integration strategy to accelerate the development of the tea industry. Based on the survey data of tea enterprises in Jiangxi Province, this paper empirically analyzed the influencing factors of tea regional public brand integration performance from the perspective of tea enterprises. The results show that the direct effect of policy support on the participation of tea enterprises in regional public brand integration performance did not pass the significance test. Instead, it directly affected the business performance of tea enterprises through acting on the internal management of the company. The policy support helped to promote the internal management of the enterprise. Brand supervision, marketing promotion, industrial development conditions had significant and positive impacts on the regional public brand integration performance of tea companies. Therefore, strengthening the regional public brand supervision, improving product marketing and promotion capabilities, and optimizing the industrial development environment would help improve the business performance of tea companies.

Coupling and Coordinated Development between Tea Industry and Tourism——A Case Study of 8 Provinces and Regions along the Chinese Section of “Tea Road”

WANG Gongwei

Journal of Tea Science. 2020, 40(4): 555-564. doi:10.13305/j.cnki.jts.2020.04.010

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The study took 8 provinces and regions along the Chinese section of the “Tea Road” as an example, constructed a coupling coordination degree model to analyze the coordinated development of tea industry and tourism based on the provincial panel data from 2000 to 2016. The results show that: (1) The coupling coordination degree of tea industry and tourism of the Chinese section of “Tea Road” was relatively low and in a slightly disordered state, but the level of integration and interaction gradually improving. (2) The coupling coordination degree of tea industry and tourism in the areas along the route showed spatial differentiation. Fujian and Hubei were in a state of primary coordination and reluctant coordination. Hunan and Henan were on the verge of imbalance. Jiangxi was in a state of moderate imbalance, and Hebei, Shanxi and Inner Mongolia were in a state of serious imbalance. (3) In addition to a slight decline in Fujian, the coupling coordination degree of tea industry and tourism in the areas along the route gradually improved. (4) There were three types of coupling coordination degree between tea industry and tourism in the areas along the route: Fujian, Hubei and Hunan belonged to the dominant type of tea industry. Henan, Hebei, Shanxi and Inner Mongolia belonged to the dominant type of tourism. Jiangxi belonged to the advantage type of tea industry and tourism. Finally, relevant countermeasures and suggestions were proposed according to the research conclusion.

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